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5:56 September 04, 2008 | All news from "Diabetes"

pola makan dan gaya hidup

[caption id="" align="alignleft" width="55" caption="si Jaribu"]si Jaribu[/caption]

Beberapa penyakit, seperti diabetes mellitus dan asam urat, tak bisa disembuhkan secara total. Namun, dengan pengaturan pola makan yang baik, perkembangan penyakit bisa dihambat agar tak bertambah parah. Pengaturan pola makan ditambah dengan olahraga dan istirahat cukup diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kualitas hidup penderita,.

 

 

Sehari-hari, lemak membuat makanan lebih gurih dan lezat. Namun, lemak juga memberi sumbangan besar bagi risiko beberapa penyakit. Sebagian besar penyakit akibat gaya hidup yang salah ini memerlukan pengaturan komposisi makan, demikian sumber KCM menyebutkan.

Salah satu komponen yang terutama harus dikurangi adalah konsumsi lemak. Beberapa penyakit, seperti tekanan darah tinggi, kolesterol tinggi, asam urat, dan jantung koroner, memiliki hubungan dengan kegemukan. Penyakit ini bisa menjadi penyebab dari komplikasi dan menimbulkan penyakit lain.

Penyakit akibat gaya hidup yang jumlah penderitanya paling banyak adalah jantung koroner. Penyakit yang biasa disebut ?penyakit makan enak? ini bisa dicegah akibatnya dengan perbaikan gaya hidup. Penyakit ini terjadi akibat penyempitan, penyumbatan pembuluh darah. Hal ini menyebabkan aliran darah ke jantung terhenti, atau jantung tak lagi dapat memompa darah ke seluruh tubuh. Diperlukan diet seimbang untuk penyakit jantung koroner, yaitu mengonsumsi makan secara seimbang antara karbohidrat, protein, lemak, vitamin, dan mineral.

Untuk mencegah penimbunan lemak dalam pembuluh darah, penderita perlu menghindari lemak jenuh seperti lemak sapi, kambing, makanan bersantan, dan goreng-gorengan. Sebagai pengganti daging, makanan seperti ayam, ikan, atau putih telur dan protein nabati seperti tahu dan kacang-kacangan.

Kolesterol tinggi
Pada umumnya, makanan yang banyak mengandung lemak juga mengandung kolesterol. Bagi penderita kolesterol tinggi harus mengurangi asupan lemak jenuh dan makanan yang mengandung kalori tinggi, seperti kue tar, es krim, dan gorengan. Selain itu, penderita kolesterol tinggi harus menghindari jenis makanan rendah lemak namun tinggi kolesterol, seperti kuning telur, otak, dan jeroan.

Mengonsumsi bahan makanan serat terutama sayur dan buah serta beberapa jenis serat lain seperti havermouth juga baik bagi penderita kolesterol tinggi. Untuk menurunkan kolesterol, bisa mengkonsumsi vitamin E, vitamin C, dan berbagai zat lain seperti niasin dan lesitin yang terkandung dalam beras, kedelai, gandum, kacang kedelai, dan bawang putih.

Untuk penderita penyakit diabetes mellitus pada prinsipnya harus melakukan pengaturan makan dengan mengurangi karbohidrat kompleks. Makanan pokok yang banyak mengandung serat seperti ubi sangat dianjurkan dibandingkan dengan nasi dan kentang.

Diet bagi penderita diabetes harus dikonsultasikan dengan dokter untuk mengatur jumlah, jadwal, dan jenisnya. Jumlah kalori mesti pas sesuai kebutuhan, tak lebih atau kurang. Jadwal harus dibuat tiga kali makan utama dan tiga kali makan antara dalam selang waktu tiga jam. Penderita harus membatasi makanan tinggi kalori, tinggi lemak, dan tinggi kolesterol. Makanan yang dianjurkan adalah sayur dan buah yang kurang manis, seperti apel, pepaya, tomat, kedondong, salak, dan pisang.

Dalam buku Kiat Mengatasi Penyakit yang ditulis Elvina Karyadi disebutkan, bawang merah, bawang putih, dan buncis baik dikonsumsi penderita diabetes karena berefek menurunkan lemak dan kadar glukosa darah.

Penyakit lain yang bisa dikurangi efeknya dengan mengatur pola makan adalah hipertensi dan asam urat. Untuk penderita hipertensi, selain mengatur asupan kalori yang seimbang, juga harus dibatasi makanan yang mengandung banyak lemak dan kolesterol. Asupan garam (natrium klorida) juga mesti dikurangi.

Masalahnya, banyak makanan yang tanpa disadari mengandung banyak garam, mulai dari camilan seperti biskuit dan mi instan sampai makanan diawetkan semisal ikan asin, serta bumbu seperti kecap, terasi, dan taoco. Untuk mengurangi tekanan darah, dapat dengan meningkatkan asupan kalium berbentuk suplemen atau lewat sayur yang mengandung banyak mineral, seperti seledri, kol, jamur, dan kacang-kacangan.

Untuk penderita asam urat, terdapat sederetan makanan mengandung purin yang harus dihindari, seperti jeroan, kacang-kacangan, dan makanan laut. Penderita asam urat sebaiknya mengonsumsi makanan berkarbohidrat seperti nasi, terigu, roti, dan singkong. Namun, karbohidrat sederhana seperti gula dan permen sebaiknya dihindari.

Penderita asam urat, menurut Elvina, hanya perlu sedikit protein dan lemak, terutama protein hewani. Hal khusus yang harus diperhatikan adalah minum banyak air putih agar pengeluaran lewat urine lancar. ?Dengan pola makan terkontrol, kemungkinan penyakit kambuh kecil,? kata Elvina. (sj)

 



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